The first law of thermodynamics is one of the bedrock laws of physics. Even if you’re not gung-ho for physics research, you might have heard the simplified version: energy can neither be created nor ...

Figure 1．LHD and neutral beam arrangement. The magnetic field exists in a clockwise direction. In the realm of fusion research, the control of plasma density, temperature, and heating is crucial for ...

Fusion energy systems depend on a wide variety of diagnostics to measure properties like temperature and electron density. These tools can play a crucial role in detecting instant ...

Enhancing power density inevitably means dealing with heat. Fortunately, advances in material sciences, especially thermal ...