The distribution of outermost shell electrons, known as valence electrons, of organic molecules was experimentally observed for the first time by a team led by Nagoya University in Japan. As the ...

Advances in semiconductor technology now enable the precise fabrication of low-dimensional nanostructures with tailored chemical compositions and geometric configurations 1,2. These nanostructures ...

Spin–orbit coupling (SOC) in two-dimensional electron systems arises when the motion of electrons in a plane interacts with their intrinsic spin, often due to broken inversion symmetry at interfaces ...