In the ninth and tenth centuries, Scotland was nearly erased by Viking warlords, collapsing dynasties, and the rise of an English super-kingdom. From Kenneth MacAlpin to Constantine II and the ...
King Æthelwulf ruled England as Viking raids intensified across the coasts. He led armies personally into battle and defended Wessex when England was deeply divided. His sons fought beside him, ...
The Viking Age saw the pillaging of the British Isles, France, and the Mediterranean until inequality, Christianity, and sex ended the era.
When England’s first true king confronted Viking power in the north, one of his most effective weapons became his manipulation of loyalty ...