Microbiology has been revolutionized by observation that most macroorganisms are colonized by diverse communities of microorganisms, prompting many studies that seek to understand why such diversity ...

In May 2025, President Donald Trump signed an executive order to restrict research on viruses and pathogens called gain-of-function studies. The National Institutes of Health is now taking steps to ...

Gain-of-function research (GOFR) refers to the serial passaging of microorganisms to increase their transmissibility, virulence, immunogenicity, and host tropism by applying selective pressure to a ...

Congress is considering a massive overhaul of the nation’s scientific enterprise, much of it in the name of ensuring competitiveness with China and other nations that are pouring billions into ...

Activists want it banned. The US government may soon further restrict it. And politicians won’t stop talking about it. So-called “gain-of-function” pathogen research has faced growing scrutiny ever ...

Understanding how biotic interactions shape ecosystems and impact their functioning, resilience and biodiversity has been a sustained research priority in ecology. Yet, traditional assessments of ...

BELO HORIZONTE, BRAZIL - MARCH 24: Bruno Cassaro de Andrade, a chemical engineering student, works with a test during the method of separating specific proteins to be applied in the production of ...

For the second time in recent months, Sen. Rand Paul, a conservative Republican from Kentucky, sparred with Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, ...

In this video, I explain the concept of function transformations, differentiating between outside and inside operations. This math tutorial visually demonstrates how multiplying or adding constants ...