Injections deliver liquid medications, fluids, or nutrients directly into a person’s body. Different types of injections include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraosseous, and intradermal ...
We assessed aversion to injections using an avoidance-learning paradigm. Holstein calves (n = 24) were randomly assigned to one of four routes of administration for 0.5 ml of saline: intramuscular (IM ...
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