The Hague, November 1676 -- Bento -- Gottfried -- A life of the mind -- God's attorney -- The hero of the people -- The many faces of Leibniz -- Friends of friends -- Leibniz in love -- A secret ...

The dichotomy, commonly assumed in modern thought, between religio externa (or externus cultus) and religio interna (or internus cultus) implies that only God can know what happens in men’s hearts and ...

Baruch Spinoza, the renegade 17th century Jewish philosopher, was born in Amsterdam to parents who fled oppressive Portugal to live among the more tolerant Dutch. A young, nonconforming Spinoza was ...

A reconsideration of the famous dispute between Cohen and Spinoza reveals surprising agreement on the very question on which dispute seems to center: how to evaluate philosophically the categories of ...

Baruch Spinoza’s life was a product of paradox. The 17th century, in Europe, was a time of both barbarous sectarianism and unprecedented human achievement. It was an era of new ideas — ideas that ...

Project Syndicate: The seventeenth-century philosopher Baruch Spinoza, you wrote in July, showed that, through reason, “one can counter the ‘ultimate barbarism’ that comes with unchecked human ...

Leading European students of philosophy and science are on the committee of the Societas Spinozana, which will commemorate the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the death of Baruch Spinoza on ...