Abstract: Observation protocol scores are commonly used as status measures to support inferences about teacher practices. When multiple observations are collected for the same teacher over the course ...

Instead of merely describing what is seen or heard, inference involves interpreting those observations to understand deeper meanings or predict outcomes. Example: ...

3) Validation and use of Adverse Outcome Pathways to enable inference-based decision making in environmental health A brief summary of the presentations and discussions at the workshop will be ...

In the first column, make a list of your observations of the condor's physical features. In the second column, make inferences about the animal's behavior and habits, based on your observations.

Cluster-robust inference and estimation methods have emerged as indispensable tools in empirical research, enabling statisticians and economists to draw valid conclusions from data exhibiting ...

In practice, observations are often contaminated by noise, making the resulting sample covariance matrix a signal-plus-noise sample covariance matrix. Aiming to make inferences about the spectral ...