What causes airplane turbulence?

Extreme turbulence like the kind seen on Hawaiian Air flight is rare. But it’s not unheard of

Severe turbulence injures 36 on flight to Hawaii

Here's what causes turbulence and why you shouldn't be afraid of it

We know it's a long wait. But one of the latest features we are sneaking into 12.1.0 is our improved turbulence effects. ✅ Reduced Intensity ✅ Randomised frequency to simulate eddies ✅ De-coupled gusting wind component ✅ Improved live-weather turbulence ✅ More aircraft control authority 🔜 New camera motion effects in a future update | X-Plane by Laminar Research